Showing posts with label Nature. Show all posts
Still 0 and 1? Check this out: Memory leads the way to better computing
Correspondence: H.-S. Philip Wong & Sayeef Salahuddin
H.-S. Philip Wong - Department of Electrical Engineering and the Stanford SystemX Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
Sayeef Salahuddin - Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
Nature Nanotechnology 10, 191–194 (2015) doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.29
More about Authors:
http://web.stanford.edu/~hspwong/
https://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/salahuddin.html
Introduction
Current memory devices store information in the charge state of a capacitor; the presence or absence of charges represents logic 1's or 0's. Several technologies are emerging to build memory devices in which other mechanisms are used for information storage. They may allow the monolithic integration of memories and computation units in three-dimensional chips for future computing systems1. Among those promising candidates are spin-transfer-torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) devices, which store information in the magnetization of a nanoscale magnet. Other candidates that are approaching commercialization include phase change memory (PCM), metal oxide resistive random access memory (RRAM) and conductive bridge random access memory (CBRAM).
Today's computing systems use a hierarchy of volatile and non-volatile data storage devices to achieve an optimal trade-off between cost and performance2. The portion of the memory that is the closest to the processor core is accessed frequently, and therefore it requires the fastest operation speed possible; it is also the most expensive memory because of the large chip area required. Other levels in the memory hierarchy are optimized for storage capacity and speed (Fig. 1). The main memory is often located in a separate chip because it is fabricated with a different technology from that of the microprocessor.
For over 30 years, static random access memory (SRAM)3 and dynamic random access memory (DRAM)3 have been the workhorses of this memory hierarchy4. Both SRAM and DRAM are volatile memories — that is, they lose the stored information once the power is cut off. For non-volatile data storage, magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs) have been in use for over five decades5, 6, 7. Since the advent of portable electronic devices such as music players and mobile phones, however, solid-state non-volatile memory known as Flash memory8 has been introduced into the information storage hierarchy between the DRAM and the HDD. Flash has become the dominant data storage device for mobile electronics; increasingly, even enterprise-scale computing systems and cloud data storage systems are using Flash to complement the storage capabilities of HDD.
For complete FREE article for:
- Electrical manipulation of magnetism in ferromagnets
- Electrical control of magnetization in multiferroics
image source: Controlling size and helicity of a spin-vortex skyrmion
Gold Nano Particles
Tiny treasure: The future of nano-gold @ Youtube
Below is a collection of Nature articles (seem free to access):
The promoting effect of adsorbed carbon monoxide on the oxidation of alcohols on a gold catalyst
Paramaconi Rodriguez, Youngkook Kwon & Marc T. M. Koper
Nature Chemistry 4, 177–182 (11 December 2011)
Nanoparticles that communicate in vivo to amplify tumour targeting
Geoffrey von Maltzahn, Ji-Ho Park, Kevin Y. Lin, Neetu Singh, Christian Schwöppe + et al.
Nature Materials 10, 545–552 (19 June 2011)
Optical detection of single non-absorbing molecules using the surface plasmon resonance of a gold nanorod
Peter Zijlstra, Pedro M. R. Paulo & Michel Orrit
Nature Nanotechnology 7, 379–382 (15 April 2012)
A high-throughput drug screen for Entamoeba histolytica identifies a new lead and target
Anjan Debnath, Derek Parsonage, Rosa M Andrade, Chen He, Eduardo R Cobo + et al.
Nature Medicine 18, 956–960 (20 May 2012)
An invisible metal–semiconductor photodetector
Pengyu Fan, Uday K. Chettiar, Linyou Cao, Farzaneh Afshinmanesh, Nader Engheta + et al. Nature Photonics 6, 380–385 (20 May 2012)
image source: Gold nanoparticles help detect Listeria cheaply
High Performance Bio-integrated Devices for Clinical Applications
Corresponding Author: Dae-Hyeong KIM dkim98@snu.ac.kr
Nature Communications 5, Article number: 5747 doi:10.1038/ncomms6747
Abstract:
Sensory receptors in human skin transmit a wealth of tactile and thermal signals from external environments to the brain. Despite advances in our understanding of mechano- and thermosensation, replication of these unique sensory characteristics in artificial skin and prosthetics remains challenging. Recent efforts to develop smart prosthetics, which exploit rigid and/or semi-flexible pressure, strain and temperature sensors, provide promising routes for sensor-laden bionic systems, but with limited stretchability, detection range and spatio-temporal resolution. Here we demonstrate smart prosthetic skin instrumented with ultrathin, single crystalline silicon nanoribbon strain, pressure and temperature sensor arrays as well as associated humidity sensors, electroresistive heaters and stretchable multi-electrode arrays for nerve stimulation. This collection of stretchable sensors and actuators facilitate highly localized mechanical and thermal skin-like perception in response to external stimuli, thus providing unique opportunities for emerging classes of prostheses and peripheral nervous system interface technologies.
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141209/ncomms6747/full/ncomms6747.html#access
image source: Scientists develop artificial skin that can feel rain and the touch of a hand
A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome
Corresponding authors: John A. Stamatoyannopoulos, Michael P. Snyder,
Roderic Guigo, Thomas R. Gingeras, David M. Gilbert, Ross C. Hardison,
Michael A. Beer, Bing Ren
Mouse ENCODE Consortium
Nature 515, 355–364 (20 November 2014) doi:10.1038/nature13992
The laboratory mouse shares the majority of its protein-coding genes with humans, making it the premier model organism in biomedical research, yet the two mammals differ in significant ways. To gain greater insights into both shared and species-specific transcriptional and cellular regulatory programs in the mouse, the Mouse ENCODE Consortium has mapped transcription, DNase I hypersensitivity, transcription factor binding, chromatin modifications and replication domains throughout the mouse genome in diverse cell and tissue types. By comparing with the human genome, we not only confirm substantial conservation in the newly annotated potential functional sequences, but also find a large degree of divergence of sequences involved in transcriptional regulation, chromatin state and higher order chromatin organization. Our results illuminate the wide range of evolutionary forces acting on genes and their regulatory regions, and provide a general resource for research into mammalian biology and mechanisms of human diseases.
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v515/n7527/full/nature13992.html
More about Mouse ENCODE Consortium:
"To complement the human Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project the Mouse ENCODE Consortium (funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute from 2009-2012) applied the same technologies and experimental pipelines developed for human ENCODE in order to annotate functional elements encoded in the mouse genome. The data and analyses from Mouse ENCODE will enable a broad range of mouse genomics and translational research efforts
The Mouse ENCODE Consortium consisted of a number of Data Production Centers and made use of the human ENCODE Data Coordination Center (DCC) at the University of California, Santa Cruz (currently at Stanford University). Production Centers generally focused on different data types, including transcription factor and polymerase occupancy, DNaseI hypersensitivity, histone modification, and RNA transcription.
Work on Mouse ENCODE is continuing with further funding from the National Human Genome Research Institute under the ENCODE 3 program, which supports both human and mouse studies."
image source: http://twitter.com/nature
Roderic Guigo, Thomas R. Gingeras, David M. Gilbert, Ross C. Hardison,
Michael A. Beer, Bing Ren
Mouse ENCODE Consortium
Nature 515, 355–364 (20 November 2014) doi:10.1038/nature13992
The laboratory mouse shares the majority of its protein-coding genes with humans, making it the premier model organism in biomedical research, yet the two mammals differ in significant ways. To gain greater insights into both shared and species-specific transcriptional and cellular regulatory programs in the mouse, the Mouse ENCODE Consortium has mapped transcription, DNase I hypersensitivity, transcription factor binding, chromatin modifications and replication domains throughout the mouse genome in diverse cell and tissue types. By comparing with the human genome, we not only confirm substantial conservation in the newly annotated potential functional sequences, but also find a large degree of divergence of sequences involved in transcriptional regulation, chromatin state and higher order chromatin organization. Our results illuminate the wide range of evolutionary forces acting on genes and their regulatory regions, and provide a general resource for research into mammalian biology and mechanisms of human diseases.
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v515/n7527/full/nature13992.html
More about Mouse ENCODE Consortium:
"To complement the human Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project the Mouse ENCODE Consortium (funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute from 2009-2012) applied the same technologies and experimental pipelines developed for human ENCODE in order to annotate functional elements encoded in the mouse genome. The data and analyses from Mouse ENCODE will enable a broad range of mouse genomics and translational research efforts
The Mouse ENCODE Consortium consisted of a number of Data Production Centers and made use of the human ENCODE Data Coordination Center (DCC) at the University of California, Santa Cruz (currently at Stanford University). Production Centers generally focused on different data types, including transcription factor and polymerase occupancy, DNaseI hypersensitivity, histone modification, and RNA transcription.
Work on Mouse ENCODE is continuing with further funding from the National Human Genome Research Institute under the ENCODE 3 program, which supports both human and mouse studies."
image source: http://twitter.com/nature
Nature Index
One more indexing service is introduced by Nature recently.
"The Nature Index tracks the affiliations of high-quality scientific articles. Updated monthly, the Nature Index presents recent research outputs by institution and country. Use the Nature Index to interrogate publication patterns and to benchmark research performance."
Find out more: www.natureindex.com
image source: http://www.nature.com/nature/supplements/nature-index-2014-global
"The Nature Index tracks the affiliations of high-quality scientific articles. Updated monthly, the Nature Index presents recent research outputs by institution and country. Use the Nature Index to interrogate publication patterns and to benchmark research performance."
Find out more: www.natureindex.com
image source: http://www.nature.com/nature/supplements/nature-index-2014-global
Crystallography? maybe a photo competition helps to explain crystallography in your daily life
Do you know what is crystallography? Do you the year 2014 is the International Year of Crystallography 2014?
If you don't know what is crystallography, the follow articles are suggested:
Crystallography: Atomic secrets, NATURE
More on Youtube:
Celebrating Crystallography - An animated adventure
Understanding Crystallography - Part 1: From Proteins to Crystals
Understanding Crystallography - Part 2: From Crystals to Diamond
There are a lot of activities around to the world this year to celebrate the International Year of Crystallography 2014. A photo contest - Crystallography in Everyday Life - was completed successfully and the first prize was announced: Gingerbread Men and Ice Crystals won the Agilent Prize:
Want to see more:
image source: http://www.iycr2014.org/participate/photo-competition
Best features of 2013 from Nature.com
Although now is the middle of year 2014, it is always worth to look back some interesting news in 2013. Editors from Nature filter out the most interesting one here:
Best features of 2013
Spending your time on these articles is worth. No matter you are in the research field or not.
image source: picc.it
image source: picc.it